Causes Of Male Infertility

1. Sexually transmitted Diseases:  Many sexually transmitted diseases cause only minor symptoms, many infected men do not get the necessary treatment. As a result a large number of men suffer the effects of sexually transmitted diseases induced infertility.


2. Retrograde Ejaculation: This occurs when semen which would normally be ejaculated via urethra is redirected to the urinary bladder. When the bladder sphincter does not function properly,
retrograde ejaculation may occur. Retrograde ejaculation is sometimes referred to as a "Dry Orgasm". 

3. Low sperm Count: Low sperm count is the leading cause of infertility in men. Men with low sperm count find it difficult to impregnate their wives
. A sperm count of less than 20 million/ml is considered low sperm. Sperm count varies widely over time, and temporary low sperm count are common.


4. Smoking/Drinking: when you smoke, your blood circulation decreases. when blood circulation decrease, sperm count also decrease. Smoking impairs sperm count, sperm motility, reduces sperm lifespan, and may cause generic changes that affect the offspring.


5. Retrograde Ejaculation: This occurs when semen which would normally be ejaculated via urethra is redirected to the urinary bladder. When the bladder sphincter does not function properly, retrograde ejaculation may occur. Retrograde ejaculation is sometimes referred to as a "Dry Orgasm".


6. Testicular Cancer: Testicular cancer is cancer that starts in the testicles, the male reproductive glands located in the scrotum. The exact cause of testicular cancer is unknown. There is no link between vasectomy and testicular cancer. Testicular cancer is the most common form of cancer in en between the ages of 15 and 35. It can occur in older men, and rarely in younger boys. 

7. Structural Chromosome Abnormalities: This occur when there is a change in the structure or component of a chromosome. The total number of chromosomes is usually normal (46 total per cell). Structural chromosome abnormalities occur when part of a chromosome is missing, a part of a chromosome is extra

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How to Prevent Cervical Cancer

1. Avoid being exposed to Human papillomavirus (HPV). Certain types of sexual behaviour increase a woman's risk of getting HPV infection such as

i. Having many sexual partners    
ii. Having a partner who has had many sex partners
iii. Having sex at an early age.

2. Avoid Smoking: Carcinogens from tobacco
increase the risk for many cancer types, including cervical cancer and women who smoke have about double the chance of a nonsmoker to develop cervical cancer.

3. Use Condom: Condoms offer some protection against cervical cancer. Condom may also be useful in treating potentially precancerous changes in the cervix, Exposure to semen appears to increase the risk of precancerous changes, and use of condoms help to cause these changes to regress and helps clear HPV.

4. Nutrition

i. Fruits and Vegetables: High level of vegetables consumption were associated with a 54% decrease risk of HPV.

ii. Folic acid

Higher folate status was inversely associated with becoming HPV test positive. Most women with higher folate status were significantly less likely to be repeatedly HPV test positive.

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cervical cancer causes and prevention

What is Cervical Cancer 


Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix, the cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that opens that opens at the top of the vagina,


Cervical cancer is sometimes called the uterine cervix. The body of the uterus is where a foetus grows. The cervix connects the body of the uterus to the vagina known as "Birth Canal"
. The part of the cervix closest to the body of the uterus is called the endocervix.


The part next to the vagina is the exocervix or ectocervix.
The place where the two parts meet is called the transformation zone.


Cervical cancer usually develops very slowly, it starts as a precancerous condition called dysplasia.
The precancerous conditions can be detected by a Pap smears and is 100% treatable. That is why it is so important for women to regular Pap smears.


Although, cervical cancers starts from cells with pre-cancers of the cervix which will develop to cancer. The change from pre-cancer to cancer usually takes several years, but it can happens in less than a year.


Types of Cervical Cancer


We have 2 main types of Cervical Cancer


1. Adenocarcinoma - Adenocarcinoma is a type of Cervical Cancer develops from the glandular cells which line the cervical canal (endocervix). Adenocarcinoma starts from the Cervical Canal and this make more difficult to be detected with cervical screening tests.


2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Most common type of cervical cancer is the Squamous Cell Carcinoma. This develops from the flat cells which covers the outer surface of the cervix at the top of the vagina.

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